This is a fairly common practice for video cards, sound cards and, as you've noticed, network interface cards. Manufacturers do that in order to display their name instead of the chip manufacturer's, and sometimes bundle little utility programs as well to show the status of the device.
The TP-LINK card, though, must have come with device drivers slightly customized or tweaked by them to display their company's name. While your TP-LINK TL WDN3800 N600 wireless network card is manufactured by TP-LINK, it uses a wireless chip manufactured by Qualcomm's Atheros division (which was formerly a separate company).
A device driver is a special piece of software that allows a piece of hardware, like your wireless network card, to communicate with the operating system on the computer.
